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If it turns out that your Flashback Table results aren t to your liking, you can use the FLASHBACK TABLE statement again to go back to just before you first issued the FLASHBACK TABLE statement. It s important to always note your current SCN before running a Flashback Table operation so that you can undo it with the FLASHBACK TABLE . . . TO SCN statement if necessary. You can find out the current SCN in your database by using the following query: SQL> SELECT current_scn from V$DATABASE; CURRENT_SCN -----------5581746576 SQL>

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Here is a sample of the output from a final report:

Several restrictions apply to the Flashback Table feature. Here are the important ones: You can t flash back a table owned by SYS, recovered objects, or a remote table. You can t flash back a table to a time preceding any DDL operation involving a change in table structure, such as modifying or dropping a column, truncating a table, adding a constraint, or performing any partition-related operations, such as adding or dropping a partition. The FLASHBACK statement involves a single transaction, and the Flashback operation succeeds entirely or it fails. If the flashback operation involves multiple tables, all of the tables must be flashed back or none. If Oracle discovers any constraint violations during the Flashback operation, it abandons the operation, leaving the tables in their original state. If you shrink a table or change any nonstorage attributes of a table (other than attributes such as PCTFREE, INITTRANS, and MAXTRANS), you won t be able to flash back to a time before these changes were made.

To enhance the speed of transactions, Oracle enables the explicit use of discrete transactions. When you specify a transaction as a discrete transaction, Oracle skips certain routine processing overhead, such as writing the undo records, thereby speeding up the transaction. Oracle doesn t modify the data blocks until the transaction commits. You use the BEGIN_DISCRETE_TRANSACTION procedure, which is supplied by Oracle, to implement the discrete transaction strategy. Short transactions run faster when you use this procedure, but if discrete transactions occur during the course of long queries, and these queries request data modified by the discrete transactions, there could be problems. Because discrete transactions skip the undo writing process, it isn t possible for a long-running query to get a consistent view of the data. Oracle doesn t generate undo records for discrete transactions because the data blocks aren t modified until the discrete transaction commits.

Discrete transaction management doesn t imply the elimination of redo information. Oracle doesn t write the redo information to the redo log buffers it writes it straight to the redo logs after the transactions commit. Oracle applies the changes to the database blocks directly, thus saving time.

However, there must be an option to differentiate both functions To achieve this, the compiler uses a signature modifier The signature for the function with the int argument just uses the IL keyword for System::Int32, which is int32: method assembly static void f(int32 i) cil managed The method with the long argument has an int32 argument with a signature modifier to express that the parameter type should be mapped to the native type long instead of int: method assembly static void f( int32 modopt([mscorlib]SystemRuntimeCompilerServicesIsLong) l ) cil managed At first glance, signature modifiers have a lot of similarities to NET attributes that are applied to a parameter Both represent metadata that provides extra information about an argument of a function However, in contrast to attributes, signature modifiers are part of the method s signature and therefore part of the method s identity.

A transaction can run as part of another transaction. In such cases, the parent transaction is called the main transaction, and the independent child transaction is called the autonomous transaction. An autonomous transaction is formally defined as an independent transaction that can be called from another transaction. Notice that although the child transaction is called from the parent transaction, it is independent of the parent transaction.

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